- Question
- How fast is the service working again in the same place?
- When it applies
- The original location can be restored
- Ladder levels
- 1–3
- What it consists of
- Data restore
- Who usually provides it
- The cloud vendor, through data centers and regions
- How to verify it
- An exercise, e.g. restoring from backup
Open framework for digital sovereignty
Exit time
If your cloud provider became unavailable tomorrow, how long until your services run elsewhere?
An open framework for measuring that time, and for assessing your own readiness and your partners’, in planning, procurement and audits.
Contents
Why it matters
Digital sovereignty is the ability to make deliberate choices and to change them when needed.
Exit time makes that ability measurable.
“Digital sovereignty is the agency to make deliberate choices about your digital future, and the capacity to follow through on them.”
James Stewart, Lauren Kahn. Digital Sovereignty: The Power to Decide. London Publishing Partnership, 2026
Part 1
Crisis readiness ladder
Every service’s crisis readiness starts with one question: how large a crisis must it survive? The ladder divides crises into five levels.
Digital sovereignty
vendor-independent layer
Jurisdiction and supply chain
All providers in one jurisdiction or supply chain disappear at once.
Destination in another jurisdiction
Vendor
A vendor disappears everywhere: price rise, shutdown, sanctions.
Second vendor, ready to move to
IT continuity
provided by the cloud vendor
Geographic region
An entire region is lost, with all its data centers.
Second region with replicated data
Data center
A single data center is lost: fire, power outage.
Second data center in the region
Component
A server, disk or network link fails.
Redundant component in the same data center
The bottom three rungs are classic business continuity: cloud vendors cover them as part of their service by offering multiple data centers and regions. The fourth and fifth rungs are digital sovereignty. No vendor can protect you from losing that vendor, so at these rungs the service must be ready to move to another vendor, or to another jurisdiction, within an agreed time.
Not every service needs to meet top-rung objectives. Objectives are set service by service: business-critical services on a higher rung, the rest lower down.
Part 2
Exit time and recovery time
Exit time is the time it takes to move a service to another cloud or infrastructure provider, or to another jurisdiction: from the decision to move until the service works for its users again. Both measure how quickly a service works again after a crisis, and both can be verified through an exercise. They differ in where the service ends up.
- Question
- How fast is the service working in a new destination?
- When it applies
- The original location can’t be restored
- Ladder levels
- 4–5
- What it consists of
- Platform + qualification + data migration
- Who usually provides it
- You, by preparing a second destination
- How to verify it
- An exercise, e.g. moving part of the service to another vendor
What exit time is made of
PPlatform
- Outcome:
- the technical capability to run the service in a new location. Includes contracts, infrastructure and toolchain.
- Time from:
- the decision to deployment readiness
- How to shorten it:
- Infrastructure as code, framework agreements with alternative providers, a self-sustained platform and toolchain (CI/CD, registries, identity) already deployed across vendors
QQualification
- Outcome:
- evidence that the service works in the new location. Includes adaptations, data pre-copying, testing and approvals.
- Time from:
- deployment readiness to a verified service
- How to shorten it:
- Ready-made test suites, compliance evidence as code, pre-approved destinations, neutral contract terms, regular exit exercises
DData migration
- Outcome:
- users are working in the new location. Includes final data synchronization and switching over usage.
- Time from:
- data volume, transfer speed, recovery point
- How to shorten it:
- Continuous replication outside the impact zone, sufficient bandwidth, data pre-copying
Invest in the slowest part first
Exit time has three parts. Shorten the slowest one, then the next. Once platform and qualification are prepared, moving a service takes about as long as restoring it.
Moving to a new provider takes much longer than restoring from backup, because the platform and qualification have to be done first.
1 · Scope
Which crisis must the service survive?
Answer as: Ladder level 1–5
2 · Speed
How quickly must it run in the new destination?
Answer as: Hours, days or weeks
3 · Evidence
How sure are we of that speed?
Answer as: Declared, tested or proven
4 · Capacity
How much of the service must work there?
Answer as: Full, limited or reduced quality
Example
The e-services portal must survive losing its vendor (level 4), run in a new destination within 72 hours, with that time tested in an exercise, at full capacity.
In short: Level 4 · 72 hours · Tested · Full capacity
Requirement 3 in detail
Exit time evidence level
The exit time evidence level shows how far an exit time figure can be trusted: whether it’s based on an estimate, an exercise or real experience.
Declared
The figure is an estimate: it comes from an architecture diagram, a plan or a vendor’s promise, but nobody has verified anything.
Example: An exit plan in a document, a vendor’s answer in a tender
Tested
The exit has been carried out as an exercise and the time measured, but under controlled conditions.
Example: An exercise in a test environment, part of the service in another region
Proven
The real service has actually been moved to another location at full scale and made functional for users.
Example: An actual vendor switch, an unannounced exercise in production
Evidence expires. After any major change, the level drops back to declared until new evidence is produced.
The overall exit time evidence level equals that of the weakest service.
Measuring exit time
A number without an agreed method is worse than no number at all: it gives the impression that the risk has been assessed. Before you measure speed for any service, agree on:
- What is the service, and what does it include?
- Which dependencies do you take into account?
- Which activities count towards exit time?
Example:
| Service | Dependencies | Scope | Speed | Evidence | Capacity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E-services portal | cloud, identity, CI/CD | 4 — vendor | 72 hours | tested | limited |
| Registry database | database, key management | 3 — region | 4 hours | proven | full |
| Document management | SaaS, identity | 4 — vendor | 3 weeks | declared | limited |
| Notification service | not mapped | — | unknown | — | — |
Balancing risks
The more differentiating a component is, the fewer alternatives exist on the market. Competitive advantage means having what others don’t. But the fewer the alternatives, the longer P and Q become, because there’s no ready destination.
Virtual machines
Offered by almost every provider. Many ready destinations, so exit time stays short.
Kubernetes, PostgreSQL
Open standards available from many providers. Exit time stays short if you avoid vendor-specific extensions.
Managed data platform
Several vendors, each with its own interfaces. Moving needs adaptation, so qualification (Q) grows.
Leading AI models
Few providers, changing fast. Plan a fallback: a weaker model or manual work at reduced quality.
Your own unique feature
No alternative exists. Accept this risk deliberately and limit what depends on it.
Tap a point for details.Competitiveness risk: Using only what everyone has: slower, costlier, less capable. Materializes daily, in small amounts.Sustainability risk: Depending on a single vendor, jurisdiction or supply chain. Materializes suddenly, all at once.
Competitiveness risk
If we only use what everyone else has, we arrive later, at higher cost and with less capability. This risk materializes every day, in small amounts.
Exit time is short: there are many destinations and they’re standard.
Sustainability risk
The service depends on a single vendor, jurisdiction or supply chain. If that disappears, there is no replacement. This risk materializes suddenly and all at once.
Exit time is long or unknown: a destination has to be found or built when needed.
Choose the risk for each service separately
For each service, ask: does it need to never stop, or does it need to stand out?
It must never stop
Business-critical system
- Built from
- Standard components with many alternatives
- Risk you accept
- Competitiveness risk: you use what others use
- On the chart
- Left side
- If the provider disappears
- Move to an equivalent provider and keep running as normal.
- Cost of being ready
- Low: standard alternatives already exist.
- Example objective
- Level 472 hoursTestedFull capacity
It must stand out
Differentiating service
- Built from
- Components with no substitute yet
- Risk you accept
- Sustainability risk: you depend on a few providers
- On the chart
- Right side
- If the provider disappears
- Switch to a backup, such as a simpler AI model or manual work, and keep running in a limited mode.
- Cost of being ready
- Higher: there is no full replacement yet, so a limited mode is the accepted trade-off.
- Example objective
- Level 41 dayTestedLimited mode
Same scope and evidence. The difference is how fast the service moves and how much of it keeps working. Most organisations have both. Set the objective service by service.
First steps
towards measuring exit time
Choose and define
Select the services whose critical functions must always work. Agree on their boundaries, dependencies and what counts towards exit time.
Measure today
Write down each service’s current exit time (hours, weeks or months) and its evidence level.
Set objectives
For each service, set scope, speed, evidence and capacity.
Improve and prove
Invest in the part that takes longest (P, Q or D), then run an exit exercise to raise evidence from declared to tested.
Further reading
Interview · Äritehnoloogia · 1 Oct 2026
Why exit time matters for the private sector too
“Digital sovereignty means being free to choose, not having to build everything yourself.”
Book · London Publishing Partnership · 2026
Digital Sovereignty: The Power to Decide
James Stewart, Lauren Kahn. Source of the definition of digital sovereignty used on this page.
Glossary
| Term | In Estonian | Definition | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Digital sovereignty | Digisuveräänsus | The ability to make deliberate choices about your digital future and to carry them out. | A critical service can be moved to another jurisdiction if needed. |
| Movability | Liigutatavus | The ability to change choices already made: switch location, vendor or jurisdiction. The goal is not independence but freedom of choice. | A service moves to another cloud without redevelopment. |
| Exit time | Väljumisaeg | The time it takes to move a service to a new destination, from the decision to a working service. | A SaaS service moved to another cloud vendor in one month. |
| Recovery time | Taasteaeg | The time it takes to restore a service in the same location. A special case of exit time where P and Q are zero. | A service is restored from backup in the same region in under an hour. |
| Exit time objective | Väljumisaja eesmärk | Scope + speed + evidence + capacity for a single service. | Level 4, 72 hours, tested, limited capacity. |
| Exit time evidence level | Väljumisaja tõendustase | How far an exit time figure can be trusted: declared, tested or proven. | Tested: the exit has been carried out in a test environment. |
